Depression

Depression Defined

Depression (major depressive disorder or clinical depression) is one of the most common brain health conditions, affecting more than 280 million people worldwide (WHO). Depression causes severe symptoms that affect how you feel, think, and handle daily activities, such as sleeping, eating, or working. Although it is common for people to have short-term mood fluctuations, major depression with moderate to severe intensity can become a serious life-altering condition. Depression is a leading cause of disability around the world, and a major contributor to the overall global burden of disease.

Some forms of depression are slightly different, or may develop under unique circumstances, such as:

Persistent depressive disorder, or dysthymia

• Depressed mood that lasts for at least two years
• May have episodes of major depression along with periods of less severe symptoms

Postpartum depression

• Major depression experienced during pregnancy or after delivery that may make it difficult for new mothers to complete daily care activities for themselves and/or for their babies

Psychotic depression

• Occurs when a person has severe depression plus some form of psychosis, such as delusions or hallucinations

Seasonal affective disorder

• Characterized by the annual onset of depression during the winter months, when there is less natural sunlight.
• Typically accompanied by social withdrawal, increased sleep, and weight gain

Current research suggests that depression is caused by a combination of genetic, biological, psychological and environmental risk factors. For youth and teens, depression is a risk factor for developing other brain health conditions and symptoms, as well as suicide.

Symptoms

To be diagnosed with depression, the symptoms must be present for at least two weeks. Depression can happen at any age, but often begins in adulthood.

Symptoms of depression can include:

• Persistent sad, anxious, or “empty” mood
• Feelings of hopelessness, or pessimism
• Irritability
• Feelings of guilt, worthlessness, or helplessness
• Loss of interest or pleasure in hobbies and activities
• Decreased energy or fatigue
• Moving or talking more slowly
• Feeling restless or having trouble sitting still
• Difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions
• Difficulty sleeping, early morning awakening, or oversleeping
• Appetite and/or weight changes
• Thoughts of death or suicide, or suicide attempts
• Aches or pains, headaches, cramps, or digestive problems without a clear physical cause and/or that do not ease even with treatment

Effects

Depression can co-occur with other serious medical conditions such as diabetes, cancer, heart disease, and Parkinson’s disease. These conditions are often worse when depression is present.

If You Are In Crisis

Call the toll-free National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-TALK (8255), available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. The service is available to everyone. All calls are confidential. Contact social media outlets directly if you are concerned about a friend’s social media updates or dial 911 in an emergency.

If you are thinking about harming yourself or thinking about suicide:

• Tell someone who can help right away.
• Call your licensed mental health professional if you are already working with one.
• Call your doctor or health care provider.
• Go to the nearest hospital emergency department or call 911.